Homologous & Analogous Traits

Homologous Trait:

Human Arm and Owl Wing

1.
Humans or also referred to as homo sapiens, more developed of all the mammals. 
An owl is a nocturnal bird known for their big forward facing eyes and hooded beak.
Humans have a longer ulna and radius, while an owl, or birds in general have longer carpals & meta carpals.  The trait from both species exhibit differences simply because they are used for different functions/ purposes. 
Humans need a larger ulna and radius for upper body & hand/arm strength which is essential to their survival in their environment. Birds however need longer carpals and metacarpals to support their feathers and fly which is essential to their travel and eating as well.
A common ancestor of these two species would be probably a fish from prehistoric times. Its homologous because all the species that came from that ancestor have the same bones. 

Analogous Trait:

Butterfly & Chicken 

2.
Butterfly is an  insect with two pairs of large wings that are covered with tiny scales, usually brightly colored.
Butterflies and chickens both have wings however the wings are different in structure and function. 
The wings of birds have bones, muscles and feathers while the wings of butterflies are made of veins, protein and scales.
Although a chicken is a bird and has wings, it does not mean their direct function is for flying like most other birds or a butterfly in this case. 
Its analogous because of the fact that nothing in the structure of both kind of wings are similar.
I dont think a common ancestor would possess this trait.

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Historical Influences

Alfred Russel Wallace

Alfred Russel Wallace, born January 8th 1823 to November 7th 1913, was a man of many talents but is more notably known for his contributions and discovery of the concept of evolution by natural selection. Although Mr. Wallace is highly touted as a brilliant mind and a trailblazer in the science community, he is often overlooked and not given enough credit for his work with Charles Darwin. Both men did not work hand to hand on their scientific theories/ experiments but were vital to each others work and progress.

What is preventing organisms from reproducing at their potential? 

-Alfred thought about specimen and humans when disputing natural selection and what keeps the numbers down but it was through his severe topical fever that caused hallucinations that he came up with the idea that he later penned to Darwin through a private letter.

Resources are limited.

-Alfred was one of the first biologists to express concern about the effects humans were having on the natural world so he was more than aware of the benefits and restrictions that resources were not only for survival but in evolution.

If the environment changes, the traits that are helpful or adaptive to that environment will be different

-Through his scientific expeditions to different continents and countries he understood the environment will either help or hurt the specimen and to each environment there are specific traits to have in order to survive and prosper.

In order for natural selection to occur, reproduction MUST occur

-It was through the theory of natural selection that Alfred came up with the concept of evolution that without reproduction, growth will stunt and is needed for life to move forward.

Individuals do not evolve. Populations do

-Through his concept of evolution, across generations Alfred was able to put both his work and Darwins work together in the sense that each other work only helped the others.

Charles Darwin would have not been able to develop his theory of natural selection without the work of his colleague Alfred Russel Wallace because they go hand in hand. Besides the fact that people, and accredited scientists already think Darwin stole the work of Wallace, Charles was unable to perfect or even make a clear concise formulation to his theory prior to Wallace sending him that letter. Would Charles have figured out it out on his own? We don't know and never will but we do know that it wasn't until Charles received Alfred's letter that he was able to make the connections. 

The attitude of the church did not affect Darwin and his eventual publication of his book On the Origin of Species that much. Darwin was conflicted with religion most of his life but he did not let that interfere with facts and his studies. He understood the importance of religion, at the time, but he wanted his work to be taken seriously because that's what it was, important ground breaking information. 

Sources: http://www.famousscientists.org/alfred-russel-wallace/

http://wallacefund.info/content/biography-wallace

http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/BIOG.htm